cd07125, ALDH_PutA-P5CDH, Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, PutA. The proline catabolic enzymes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) protein superfamily, proline dehydrogenase and Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH, (EC=1.5.1.12 )), catalyze the two-step oxidation of proline to glutamate; P5CDH catalyzes the oxidation of glutamate semialdehyde, utilizing NAD+ as the electron acceptor. In some bacteria, the two enzymes are fused into the bifunctional flavoenzyme, proline utilization A (PutA) These enzymes play important roles in cellular redox control, superoxide generation, and apoptosis. In certain prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli, PutA is also a transcriptional repressor of the proline utilization genes.
TIGR02124, Hydrogenase_expression/formation_protein_HypE, hydrogenase expression/formation protein HypE. This family contains HypE (or HupE), a protein required for expression of catalytically active hydrogenase in many systems. It appears to be an accessory protein involved in maturation rather than a regulatory protein involved in expression. HypE shows considerable homology to the thiamine-monophosphate kinase ThiL (TIGR01379) and other enzymes.
cd05239, GDP_FS_SDR_e, GDP-fucose synthetase, extended (e) SDRs. GDP-fucose synthetase (aka 3, 5-epimerase-4-reductase) acts in the NADP-dependent synthesis of GDP-fucose from GDP-mannose. Two activities have been proposed for the same active site: epimerization and reduction. Proteins in this subgroup are extended SDRs, which have a characteristic active site tetrad and an NADP-binding motif, [AT]GXXGXXG, that is a close match to the archetypical form. Extended SDRs are distinct from classical SDRs. In addition to the Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet) core region typical of all SDRs, extended SDRs have a less conserved C-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acids. Extended SDRs are a diverse collection of proteins, and include isomerases, epimerases, oxidoreductases, and lyases; they typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold, an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes is typically in the 15-30% range; they catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser and/or an Asn, contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Atypical SDRs generally lack the catalytic residues characteristic of the SDRs, and their glycine-rich NAD(P)-binding motif is often different from the forms normally seen in classical or extended SDRs. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif.
cd13404, UreI_AmiS_like, UreI/AmiS family, proton-gated urea channel and putative amide transporters. This family includes UreI proton-gated urea channels as well as putative amide transporters (AmiS of the amidase gene cluster). Helicobacter pylori UreI (HpUreI), a proton-gated inner membrane urea channel opens in acidic pH to allow urea influx to the cytoplasm. There urea is metabolized, producing NH3 and CO2, leading to buffering of the periplasm. This action is essential for the survival of H. pylori in the stomach, and has been identified as a mechanism that could be clinically targeted to prevent various illnesses associated with infection by H. pylori. UreI and the related amide channels (AmiS) appear to function as hexamers, and have 6 predicted transmembrane segments. UreI has also been shown have a lipid "plug" in the center of the hexamer. Urea enters at the periplasmic opening of UreI and must pass 2 constriction sites, one on each side of a conserved Glu (Glu 177, H. pylori numbering), to reach the cytoplasm. Urea/thiourea selectivity is diminished by mutation of a conserved Trp to Ala or Phe in constriction site 2 (cytoplasmic). Channel functionality is greatly diminished by mutation of a conserved Trp in constriction site 1 (periplasmic) and a conserved Tyr in constriction site 2, and to a lesser extent a conserved Phe in site 1. In the cytoplasm, urease hydrolyzes urea to form ammonia and carbamate, which decomposes to carbonic acid. UreI is fully open at pH 5.0 to facilitate urea influx, but closes at neutral pH, preventing over-alkalization. Glu 177 (H. pylori numbering) is present in urea channel proteins, but absent in the related amide channels, suggesting that it plays a role in urea specificity.
pfam06013, WXG100, Proteins of 100 residues with WXG. ESAT-6 is a small protein appears to be of fundamental importance in virulence and protective immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. homologs have been detected in other Gram-positive bacterial species. It may represent a novel secretion system potentially driven by the pfam01580 domains in the YukA-like proteins.
TIGR04211, hypothetical_protein, SH3 domain protein. Members of this protein family have a signal peptide, a strongly conserved SH3 domain, a variable region, and then a C-terminal hydrophobic transmembrane alpha helix region.
TIGR02121, Osmoregulated_proline_transporter, sodium/proline symporter. This family consists of the sodium/proline symporter (proline permease) from a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and from the archaeal genus Methanosarcina. Using the related pantothenate permease as an outgroup, candidate sequences from Bifidobacterium longum and several from archaea are found to be outside the clade defined by known proline permeases. These sequences, scoring between 570 and -40, define the range between trusted and noise cutoff scores. [Transport and binding proteins, Amino acids, peptides and amines].
pfam01555, N6_N4_Mtase, DNA methylase. Members of this family are DNA methylases. The family contains both N-4 cytosine-specific DNA methylases and N-6 Adenine-specific DNA methylases.
pfam09346, SMI1_KNR4, SMI1 / KNR4 family (SUKH-1). Proteins in this family are involved in the regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase activity and cell-wall formation. Genome contextual information showed that SMI1 are primary immunity proteins in bacterial toxin systems.
TIGR00101, Urease_accessory_protein_UreG, urease accessory protein UreG. This model represents UreG, a GTP hydrolase that acts in the assembly of the nickel metallocenter of urease. It is found only in urease-positive species, although some urease-positive species (e.g. Bacillus subtilis) lack this protein. A similar protein, hypB, is an accessory protein for expression of hydrogenase, which also uses nickel. [Central intermediary metabolism, Nitrogen metabolism].
TIGR00143, Carbamoyltransferase_HypF, [NiFe] hydrogenase maturation protein HypF. A previously described regulatory effect of HypF mutatation is attributable to loss of activity of a regulatory hydrogenase. A zinc finger-like region CXXCX(18)CXXCX(24)CXXCX(18)CXXC region further supported the regulatory hypothesis. However, more recent work (PUBMED:11375153) shows the direct effect is on the activity of expressed hydrogenases with nickel/iron centers, rather than on expression. [Protein fate, Protein modification and repair].
cd07125, ALDH_PutA-P5CDH, Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, PutA. The proline catabolic enzymes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) protein superfamily, proline dehydrogenase and Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH, (EC=1.5.1.12 )), catalyze the two-step oxidation of proline to glutamate; P5CDH catalyzes the oxidation of glutamate semialdehyde, utilizing NAD+ as the electron acceptor. In some bacteria, the two enzymes are fused into the bifunctional flavoenzyme, proline utilization A (PutA) These enzymes play important roles in cellular redox control, superoxide generation, and apoptosis. In certain prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli, PutA is also a transcriptional repressor of the proline utilization genes.
TIGR02124, Hydrogenase_expression/formation_protein_HypE, hydrogenase expression/formation protein HypE. This family contains HypE (or HupE), a protein required for expression of catalytically active hydrogenase in many systems. It appears to be an accessory protein involved in maturation rather than a regulatory protein involved in expression. HypE shows considerable homology to the thiamine-monophosphate kinase ThiL (TIGR01379) and other enzymes.
cd05239, GDP_FS_SDR_e, GDP-fucose synthetase, extended (e) SDRs. GDP-fucose synthetase (aka 3, 5-epimerase-4-reductase) acts in the NADP-dependent synthesis of GDP-fucose from GDP-mannose. Two activities have been proposed for the same active site: epimerization and reduction. Proteins in this subgroup are extended SDRs, which have a characteristic active site tetrad and an NADP-binding motif, [AT]GXXGXXG, that is a close match to the archetypical form. Extended SDRs are distinct from classical SDRs. In addition to the Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet) core region typical of all SDRs, extended SDRs have a less conserved C-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acids. Extended SDRs are a diverse collection of proteins, and include isomerases, epimerases, oxidoreductases, and lyases; they typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold, an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes is typically in the 15-30% range; they catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser and/or an Asn, contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Atypical SDRs generally lack the catalytic residues characteristic of the SDRs, and their glycine-rich NAD(P)-binding motif is often different from the forms normally seen in classical or extended SDRs. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif.
cd13404, UreI_AmiS_like, UreI/AmiS family, proton-gated urea channel and putative amide transporters. This family includes UreI proton-gated urea channels as well as putative amide transporters (AmiS of the amidase gene cluster). Helicobacter pylori UreI (HpUreI), a proton-gated inner membrane urea channel opens in acidic pH to allow urea influx to the cytoplasm. There urea is metabolized, producing NH3 and CO2, leading to buffering of the periplasm. This action is essential for the survival of H. pylori in the stomach, and has been identified as a mechanism that could be clinically targeted to prevent various illnesses associated with infection by H. pylori. UreI and the related amide channels (AmiS) appear to function as hexamers, and have 6 predicted transmembrane segments. UreI has also been shown have a lipid "plug" in the center of the hexamer. Urea enters at the periplasmic opening of UreI and must pass 2 constriction sites, one on each side of a conserved Glu (Glu 177, H. pylori numbering), to reach the cytoplasm. Urea/thiourea selectivity is diminished by mutation of a conserved Trp to Ala or Phe in constriction site 2 (cytoplasmic). Channel functionality is greatly diminished by mutation of a conserved Trp in constriction site 1 (periplasmic) and a conserved Tyr in constriction site 2, and to a lesser extent a conserved Phe in site 1. In the cytoplasm, urease hydrolyzes urea to form ammonia and carbamate, which decomposes to carbonic acid. UreI is fully open at pH 5.0 to facilitate urea influx, but closes at neutral pH, preventing over-alkalization. Glu 177 (H. pylori numbering) is present in urea channel proteins, but absent in the related amide channels, suggesting that it plays a role in urea specificity.
pfam06013, WXG100, Proteins of 100 residues with WXG. ESAT-6 is a small protein appears to be of fundamental importance in virulence and protective immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. homologs have been detected in other Gram-positive bacterial species. It may represent a novel secretion system potentially driven by the pfam01580 domains in the YukA-like proteins.
TIGR04211, hypothetical_protein, SH3 domain protein. Members of this protein family have a signal peptide, a strongly conserved SH3 domain, a variable region, and then a C-terminal hydrophobic transmembrane alpha helix region.
TIGR02121, Osmoregulated_proline_transporter, sodium/proline symporter. This family consists of the sodium/proline symporter (proline permease) from a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and from the archaeal genus Methanosarcina. Using the related pantothenate permease as an outgroup, candidate sequences from Bifidobacterium longum and several from archaea are found to be outside the clade defined by known proline permeases. These sequences, scoring between 570 and -40, define the range between trusted and noise cutoff scores. [Transport and binding proteins, Amino acids, peptides and amines].
pfam01555, N6_N4_Mtase, DNA methylase. Members of this family are DNA methylases. The family contains both N-4 cytosine-specific DNA methylases and N-6 Adenine-specific DNA methylases.
pfam09346, SMI1_KNR4, SMI1 / KNR4 family (SUKH-1). Proteins in this family are involved in the regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase activity and cell-wall formation. Genome contextual information showed that SMI1 are primary immunity proteins in bacterial toxin systems.
TIGR00101, Urease_accessory_protein_UreG, urease accessory protein UreG. This model represents UreG, a GTP hydrolase that acts in the assembly of the nickel metallocenter of urease. It is found only in urease-positive species, although some urease-positive species (e.g. Bacillus subtilis) lack this protein. A similar protein, hypB, is an accessory protein for expression of hydrogenase, which also uses nickel. [Central intermediary metabolism, Nitrogen metabolism].
TIGR00143, Carbamoyltransferase_HypF, [NiFe] hydrogenase maturation protein HypF. A previously described regulatory effect of HypF mutatation is attributable to loss of activity of a regulatory hydrogenase. A zinc finger-like region CXXCX(18)CXXCX(24)CXXCX(18)CXXC region further supported the regulatory hypothesis. However, more recent work (PUBMED:11375153) shows the direct effect is on the activity of expressed hydrogenases with nickel/iron centers, rather than on expression. [Protein fate, Protein modification and repair].
pfam01856, HP_OMP, Helicobacter outer membrane protein. This family seems confined to Helicobacter. It is predicted to be an outer membrane protein based on its pattern of alternating hydrophobic amino acids similar to porins.
TIGR00720, hypothetical_protein_NEICINOT_00681, L-serine dehydratase, iron-sulfur-dependent, single chain form. This enzyme is also called serine deaminase and L-serine dehydratase 1. L-serine ammonia-lyase converts serine into pyruvate in the gluconeogenesis pathway from serine. This enzyme is comprised of a single chain in Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and several other species, but has separate alpha and beta chains in Bacillus subtilis and related species. The beta and alpha chains are homologous to the N-terminal and C-terminal regions, respectively, but are rather deeply branched in a UPGMA tree. This enzyme requires iron and dithiothreitol for activation in vitro, and is a predicted 4Fe-4S protein. Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa have two copies of this protein. [Energy metabolism, Amino acids and amines, Energy metabolism, Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis].
cd01561, CBS_like, CBS_like: This subgroup includes Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) and Cysteine synthase. CBS is a unique heme-containing enzyme that catalyzes a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent condensation of serine and homocysteine to give cystathionine. Deficiency of CBS leads to homocystinuria, an inherited disease of sulfur metabolism characterized by increased levels of the toxic metabolite homocysteine. Cysteine synthase on the other hand catalyzes the last step of cysteine biosynthesis. This subgroup also includes an O-Phosphoserine sulfhydrylase found in hyperthermophilic archaea which produces L-cysteine from sulfide and the more thermostable O-phospho-L-serine.
TIGR00168, Translation_initiation_factor_IF-3, translation initiation factor IF-3. infC uses abnormal initiation codons such as AUA, AUC, and CUG which render its expression particularly sensitive to excess of its gene product IF-3 thereby regulating its own expression [Protein synthesis, Translation factors].
pfam06518, DUF1104, Protein of unknown function (DUF1104). This family consists of several hypothetical proteins of unknown function which appear to be found largely in Helicobacter pylori.
TIGR01215, Cell_division_topological_specificity_factor, cell division topological specificity factor MinE. This protein is involved in the process of cell division. This protein prevents the proteins MinC and MinD to inhibit cell division at internal sites, but allows inhibiton at polar sites. This allows for correct cell division at the proper sites. [Cellular processes, Cell division].
TIGR00644, recJ, single-stranded-DNA-specific exonuclease RecJ. All proteins in this family are 5'-3' single-strand DNA exonucleases. These proteins are used in some aspects of mismatch repair, recombination, and recombinational repair. [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair].
TIGR00732, Protein_smf, DNA protecting protein DprA. Disruption of this gene in both Haemophilus influenzae and Helicobacter pylori drastically reduces the efficiency of transformation with exogenous DNA, but with different levels of effect on chromosomal (linear) and plasmid (circular) DNA. This difference suggests the DprA is not active in recombination, and it has been shown not to affect DNA binding, leaving the intermediate step in natural transformation, DNA processing. In Strep. pneumoniae, inactivation of dprA had no effect on the uptake of DNA. All of these data indicated that DprA is required at a later stage in transformation. Subsequently DprA and RecA were both shown in S. pneumoniae to be required to protect incoming ssDNA from immediate degradation. Role of DprA in non-transformable species is not known. The gene symbol smf was assigned in E. coli, but without assignment of function. [Cellular processes, DNA transformation].
TIGR03585, PseH, UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-N-acetyl-beta-L-altrosamine N-acetyltransferase. Sequences in this family are members of the pfam00583 (GNAT) superfamily of acetyltransferases and are proposed to perform a N-acetylation step in the process of pseudaminic acid biosynthesis in Campylobacter species. This gene is commonly observed in apparent operons with other genes responsible for the biosynthesis of pseudaminic acid and as a component of flagellar and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis loci. Significantly, many genomes containing other components of this pathway lack this gene, indicating that some other N-acetyl transferases may be incolved and/or the step is optional, resulting in a non-acetylated pseudaminic acid variant sugar.
cd03392, PAP2_like_2, PAP2_like_2 proteins. PAP2 is a super-family of phosphatases and haloperoxidases. This subgroup, which is specific to bacteria, lacks functional characterization and may act as a membrane-associated lipid phosphatase.
TIGR00207, Flagellar_motor_switch_protein_FliG, flagellar motor switch protein FliG. The fliG protein along with fliM and fliN interact to form the switch complex of the bacterial flagellar motor located at the base of the basal body. This complex interacts with chemotaxis proteins (eg CHEY). In addition the complex interacts with other components of the motor that determine the direction of flagellar rotation. The model contains putative members of the fliG family at scores of less than 100 from Agrobacterium radiobacter and Sinorhizobium meliloti as well as fliG-like genes from treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi. That is why the suggested cutoff is set at 20 but was set at 100 to construct the family. [Cellular processes, Chemotaxis and motility].
TIGR00206, Flagellar_M-ring_protein, flagellar basal-body M-ring protein/flagellar hook-basal body protein (fliF). Component of the M (cytoplasmic associated) ring, one of four rings (L,P,S,M) which make up the flagellar hook-basal body which is a major portion of the flagellar organelle. Although the basic structure of the flagella appears to be similar for all bacteria, additional rings and structures surrounding the basal body have been observed for some bacteria (eg Vibrio cholerae and Treponema pallidum). [Cellular processes, Chemotaxis and motility].
sd00010, SLR, Sel1-like repeat. Sel1-like repeats (SLRs) share similar alpha-helical conformations with Tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs), but with different consensus sequence lengths and superhelical topologies. SLRs contain 36 to 44 amino acids and are present in bacteria and eukaryotes but not in archaea. SLR proteins are involved in a variety of functions, and many serve as adaptor proteins for the assembly of macromolecular complexes. The SLR family was named after the Caenorhabditis elegans Sel1 protein which is predicted to fold into 11 SLRs, a transmembrane domain, and an N-terminal signal sequence. The human Sel1L protein contains an additional fibronectin type-II domain and an N-terminal PEST sequence. Its downregulation is associated with the development of breast and pancreatic carcinomas.
COG5032, TEL1, Phosphatidylinositol kinase and protein kinases of the PI-3 kinase family [Signal transduction mechanisms / Cell division and chromosome partitioning / Chromatin structure and dynamics / DNA replication, recombination, and repair / Intracellular trafficking and secretion].
